Spectrofluorescent Excitation-Emission Matrices to Identify Fluoruophores in Keratin Tissues
Keratin tissues contain numerous endogenous chromophores that fluoresce throughout the UV-Visible region. Generally, keratin tissues are divided into the categories, soft and hard, which are based on the physical, chemical, and histological composition of the tissue. Hard keratins usually refer to the mature hair fiber, nail, claw, horn, wool, hoof, and feathers. The stratum corneum is an example of soft keratin, where specialized cells known as corneocytes are filled with keratin filaments and are void of cellular organelles. Over the last fifteen years, many advances in instrument technology have been introduced allowing for faster data acquisition with spectrofluoremeters. As a result, a series of spectrofluorescence emission scans can be generated for a range of excitation wavelengths, or vice-versa, rather quickly. In this work, we were able to construct an endogenous fingerprint of fluorescent compounds present in hair and skin tissues by employing a range of excitation wavelengths from 270 nm to 450 nm with a resolution of 2 nm. As a result, we generated surface plots of fluorescence emission as a function of excitation and emission wavelengths. From this data, we were able to identify the most predominant fluorescent chromophores in each tissue. We examined several sources of skin including in vivo human and various ex vivo skin types. We also analyzed various types of mature human hair characterised by degree of melanin content: white, light blonde, medium blonde, dark blonde, light brown, medium brown, and dark brown hair. This provided us with a fundamental understanding of the effects of melanin distribution in hair fibers and helped with the identification of chromophores present in hair.